What is PeopleAnalyst?

PeopleAnalyst is the front door for people-analytics research: 205+ works indexed and profiled, 40+ citation-grade findings extracted, and peer-reviewed behavioral science translated from academic to actionable — the missing manual for the people analytics you always meant to do.

What is people analytics?

People analytics is not a dashboard. It is behavioral science and statistical inference applied to workforce decisions — a discipline with its own methodology, spanning measurement, organizational design, talent, leadership, and analytics craft.

Why does AI in HR need measurement science?

AI is being deployed in high-stakes people decisions — hiring, performance, attrition — without the measurement science to evaluate whether it works or whom it harms. Construct validity, effect sizes, and criterion validity are the vocabulary for asking an AI vendor the right questions.

How is the research made accessible?

The evidence is indexed and searchable: 205+ works, 40+ citation-grade insight cards, and 8 research arcs, so the right finding reaches the right decision at the right time.

What separates good people measurement from assertion?

Good measurement has a method: construct validity, reliability, and effect-size interpretation are not optional — they are what separates evidence from assertion.

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Aia Compensation Guidelines Architectural

In a sentence

A management guide showing architects and engineers how to determine fair, cost-based compensation for professional services by identifying, itemizing, estimating, and monitoring the work required for a project.

Compensation Guidelines for Architectural and Engineering Services replaces the flawed percentage-of-construction-cost tradition with a rational, cost-based method for pricing design services. Developed jointly by the AIA and the American Consulting Engineers Council, it walks the practitioner through a repeatable six-step process: jointly determining the scope of designated services with the client, estimating direct hours and costs by service and phase, summarizing proposed compensation and reimbursable expense, choosing an appropriate method of compensation, executing an equitable agreement, and monitoring costs against estimates during the work. Grounded in sound accounting definitions (direct and indirect expense, personnel expense, benefits and indirect expense factors, planned profit), the Guidelines work for firms of any size and interface with standardized forms, AIA agreement documents, and the AIA Computer-based Financial Management Service. The result is compensation that fairly recovers the firm's costs plus profit while giving the client a precise, transparent understanding of what services the fee covers.

The four lenses

Science
Statistics
Systems
Strategy

The model

A structural model in which design levers (scope definition, time/cost estimation, method selection, accounting rigor, and cost monitoring) drive intermediate states of estimating accuracy and client understanding, which in turn produce cost recovery, planned profit realization, and equitable fair compensation outcomes.

Scope of Designated Services Definitiondesign lever

The joint, itemized identification and description of each professional service required for a project, with responsibility assigned to client, A/E, or consultant, recorded on standardized schedule forms.

Time and Cost Estimationdesign lever

The A/E's estimation of direct working hours by personnel level and the associated direct salary, personnel, indirect, and other expenses required to provide each item or group of services, the heart of cost-based compensation.

Accounting and Record-Keeping Rigorcontextual condition

The firm's use of sound accounting procedures, expense classification, and retained time and cost records to derive reliable benefits factors, indirect expense factors, and multipliers used in estimating compensation.

Compensation Method Selectiondesign lever

The choice among several methods of compensation (multiple of direct salary or personnel expense, professional fee plus expenses, percentage of construction cost, stipulated sum, hourly rates, and others) or combinations thereof appropriate to the project.

Estimating Accuracypsychological state

The degree to which the derived proposed compensation reflects the true cost and effort of the services, produced by combining reliable time estimates with sound expense factors and appropriate contingency and profit allowances.

Client Understanding of Services and Feepsychological state

The client's precise, shared comprehension of the range of services offered and exactly what services the estimated compensation will cover, achieved through joint scope determination and transparent presentation.

In-House Cost Monitoringbehavioral pattern

The ongoing budgeting and monitoring of hours and dollars against original estimates during service, using timekeeping and optionally the AIA Computer-based Financial Management Service to detect when costs encroach on profit.

Cost Recoveryoutcome metric

The extent to which compensation received covers all direct and indirect expenses incurred by the firm in providing the professional services on the project.

Planned Profit Realizationoutcome metric

The degree to which actual profit (income earned above incurred expenses, including principals' salaries) matches the profit planned for the project as a reward for risk and return on investment.

Fair and Equitable Compensationoutcome metric

Compensation that is mutually satisfactory, transparent, and equitable to both the design professional and the client because it is derived from the true cost of agreed-upon services plus reasonable profit.

How they connect

scope definition → predicts estimating accuracy
time cost estimation → predicts estimating accuracy
accounting rigor → moderates time cost estimation
scope definition → predicts client understanding
estimating accuracy → predicts cost recovery
estimating accuracy → predicts planned profit realization
cost monitoring → predicts planned profit realization
cost monitoring → predicts cost recovery
method selection → moderates cost recovery
client understanding → predicts fair compensation
cost recovery → predicts fair compensation

The story

The reader An architect or engineer who wants to be paid fairly and predictably for professional services while maintaining good client relationships.

External problem

Ill-adapted, often unworkable procedures—especially percentage-of-construction-cost—fail to relate compensation to the actual cost and scope of services provided.

Internal problem

The practitioner feels uncertain, undercompensated, and anxious about whether a fee will cover costs and yield profit.

Philosophical problem

It is simply wrong for a compensation method to reward reducing the A/E's own fee or to obscure what services the client is actually paying for.

The plan

Jointly determine and record the scope of designated services and assign responsibility for each item.
Estimate the direct hours and costs to provide each service, adding factors for indirect expense and planned profit.
Summarize proposed compensation and reimbursable expense by phase and for the project.
Jointly determine the amount and method of compensation.
Prepare and sign an appropriate agreement for professional services.
Establish in-house project control to monitor costs against estimates.

Success

Compensation reliably recovers costs and earns adequate profit.
Client and A/E share a precise, transparent understanding of the services covered by the fee.
The firm gains a data base for controlling current projects and estimating future ones.
Businesslike, accountable practice strengthens client relationships.

At stake

Fees fail to cover costs, eroding or eliminating profit.
Misunderstandings arise over what services the fee includes.
Costs encroach on profit unnoticed because the work is not monitored.
The firm remains dependent on flawed methods that penalize its own efficiency.

Questions this book answers

How should design professionals determine compensation for their services?
How can a firm estimate the true cost of providing architectural and engineering services?
How are services identified, described, and responsibility for them allocated between client and A/E?
What methods of compensation are available and how should one be selected?
How can a firm monitor project costs against estimates to protect profit?

Glossary

Scope of Designated Services Definition: The jointly determined, itemized identification and description of professional services required for a project, with responsibility for each service assigned among client, A/E, and consultants.
Time and Cost Estimation: The estimation of direct working hours by personnel level and the associated expenses required to provide each service or group of services.
Accounting and Record-Keeping Rigor: The extent to which the firm maintains sound accounting procedures and records enabling reliable derivation of expense factors and multipliers.
Compensation Method Selection: The choice of one or more compensation methods appropriate to the project's type, scope, and uncertainty.
Estimating Accuracy: The degree to which proposed compensation reflects the true cost and effort of the services provided.
Client Understanding of Services and Fee: The client's precise shared comprehension of the services offered and what services the fee covers.
In-House Cost Monitoring: The ongoing budgeting and tracking of hours and dollars against original estimates during service delivery.
Cost Recovery: The extent to which compensation covers all direct and indirect expenses incurred on the project.